Contents:

1. Indications for tube thoracostomy
   1. Pleural spaces
   2. Pleural effusions and empyema
   3. Lung parenchymal air leaks
      
      
2. Insertion techniques
   1. Instrument placement
   2. Trocar placement
   3. Direct vision (e.g., thoracotomy)
   4. Local, regional or general anesthesia
      
      
3. Complications
   1. Lung parenchymal injury
   2. Neurovascular intercostal injury
   3. Infection
   4. Post chest tube pneumothorax

Clinical Skills:

During the training program the resident:

1. Evaluates patients for tube thoracostomy;

2. Performs tube thoracostomy under local, regional and general anesthesia;

3. Treats the complications of tube thoracostomy.